Applied to determine the strength of oxygen required for domestic and industrial waste stabilization. Its used to measure the amount of biologically oxidizable organic matter present in the waste water.

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) equipment is used to find the COD of the different samples. COD is the water quality parameter. COD value indicates the amount of oxygen that is required for the chemical oxidation of organic matter present in the sample and indirectly the amount of organic matter. Apparatus consist of a distillation flask, a reflux condenser for entrapping the volatile materials, cylinders for measuring volumes and chemicals.

It is used to remove the turbidity in the given sample. Turbidity appears due to the presence of suspended material in the sample. Light falling on the sample is scattered due to this matter and because of this scattering, cloudiness appears. This cloudiness is referred to as turbidity. The equipment is provided with the turbidity meter that measures the initial and final turbidity of the samples before and after adding the required dosage of flocculent and coagulant. There is control console with the provision of setting the desired RPM and time.

pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid. A pH meter is made of a special measuring probe (usually a glass electrode) attached to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. To measure the pH of semi-solid substances, special probes are used. A pH meter uses glass electrodes for measuring the pH of a solution. The glass electrode is made of thin glass, which permits the h+ ions to pass through it. The meter evaluates the electrical potential and changes this data into a pH reading for a sample. pH meters are used in school and college laboratories to quickly measure the pH value of any substance, specially liquids and solutions. They are widely used in different types of industries.

A nephelometer is a stationary or portable instrument for measuring suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid. A nephelometer measures suspended particulates by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90') of the source beam.

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) equipment is used to find the COD of the different samples. COD is the water quality parameter. COD value indicates the amount of oxygen that is required for the chemical oxidation of organic matter present in the sample and indirectly the amount of organic matter. Apparatus consist of a distillation flask, a reflux condenser for entrapping the volatile materials, cylinders for measuring volumes and chemicals.

It is usually a front-loading box-type oven or kiln for high-temperature applications such as fusing glass, creating enamel coatings, ceramics and soldering and brazing articles. They are also used in many research facilities, for example by chemists in order to determine what proportion of a sample is non-combustible and non-volatile (i.e., ash).

Hot air ovens are electrical devices used in sterilization. The oven uses dry heat to sterilize articles. Generally, they can be operated from 50 to 300 °C (122 to 572 °F) . There is a thermostat controlling the temperature. These are digitally controlled to maintain the temperature. Their double walled insulation keeps the heat in and conserves energy, the inner layer being a poor conductor and outer layer being metallic.

A magnetic stirrer or magnetic mixer is a laboratory device that employs a rotating magnetic field to cause a stir bar (also called "flea") immersed in a liquid to spin very quickly, thus stirring it. The rotating field may be created either by a rotating magnet or a set of stationary electromagnets, placed beneath the vessel with the liquid. Magnetic stirrers are often used in chemistry and biology.

Water bath is a device used for regulating the temperature of substances subjected to heat. Water bath is frequently used in chemistry labs for a number of temperature related applications. Water baths are used to heat those substances, which can't be heated directly on Bunsen burner or hot plate or any other media. However only those materials can be heated with water bath whose boiling point is less than that of water.

It is used to determine nitrogen in the trinegative state. "Kjeldahl nitrogen" is the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen. The major factor that influences the selection of a macro- or semi-micro-kjeldahl method to determine organic nitrogen is its concentration.

Heating mantle or isomantle is a term for certain pieces of laboratory equipment used to apply heat to containers, as an alternative to other forms of heated bath.

A colorimeter is generally any tool that characterizes color samples to provide an objective measure of color characteristics. In chemistry, the colorimeter is an apparatus that allows the absorbance of a solution at a particular frequency (color) of visual light to be determined. Colorimeters hence make it possible to ascertain the concentration of a known solute, since it is proportional to the absorbance.

It is used to determine the amount of residual chlorine present in water.

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent (near-UV and near-infrared (NIR)) ranges. The absorption or reflectance in the visible range directly affects the perceived color of the chemicals involved. In this region of the electromagnetic spectrum, molecules undergo electronic transitions.

A laminar flow cabinet or laminar flow closet or tissue culture hood is a carefully enclosed bench designed to prevent contamination of semiconductor wafers, biological samples, or any particle sensitive device. Air is drawn through a HEPA filter and blown in a very smooth, laminar flow towards the user.

An autoclave is an instrument used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C for around 15-20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents.

Centrifuges are used in water and wastewater treatment to dry sludges. It is most widely used in microbiology.

Rotometer is a gauge that consists of graduated glass tube containing a free float used to measure the flow rate of liquids.

It is an opening through which water flows with its top level below the top edge of notch. It may be triangular, rectangular or trapezoidal depending on its shape.

Consists of channel with notch fitted across the channel it is used to measure the discharge in streams and channels.

Jet Pumps or eductors or ejectors are simple passive devices which use energy from an existing high pressure fluid to boost the pressure of low pressure fluids.

It is a positive displacement pump used for pumping viscous fluids under high pressure.

It is simply an open ended 'L' shaped tube with its end pointed in the direction of flow it is used to measure the velocity of water.

It is a rotodynamic pump and consists essentially of an impeller rotating inside a casing which has a number of curved vanes. The characteristic curves are drawn and the maximum efficiency was calculated.

High energy centrifugal pump can develop a head of more than 650 ft in a single stage, but generally when a head greater than about 10 ft is needed, two or more impellers can be mounted in series on a single shaft & a multistage pump is obtained to determine the efficiency of the pump.

The apparatus is specially designed for conducting experiments on the impact of jet of water on fixed vanes of different types. The dynamic force in the direction of jet can be practically determined & could be verified with theoretical value.

Venturimeter are flow meters used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe. It consists of convergent, throat & divergent portion.

It is used to measure pipe friction losses for laminar and turbulent flows. The coefficient of friction for the pipe of various diameters was calculated.

It is a positive displacement pump consisting of a piston working inside a cylinder. The max efficiency of the above pump is calculated.

Orifice meters are flow meters used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe. As the water flows through these meters, velocity is increased due to reduced area and there is a pressure drop by measuring the pressure drop, the flow rate can be calculated.

Broad crested weir used for the measurement of discharge in large open channels. Venturiflume used for the measurement of discharge in an open channel & consists of convening section, a throat section and a diverging section.

Used for the measurement of discharge & is analysed by applying the impulse momentum equal to a control volume.

Whenever the velocity of a fluid is changed, either in the direction or size of the conduct friction is generated in addition to the skin friction from flow through the straight pipe. However such friction includes from friction resulting from vortices that develop when the normal streamlines disturbed and when boundary layer separation occurs. However these effects cannot be calculated precisely.

The object of this experiment is to find the loss coefficient at different joints of interest and to estimate the total loss of head by friction.

It is a reaction type of hydraulic turbine used in dams and reservoirs of medium height to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy and electrical energy. Francis turbine is a radial inward flow reaction turbine. The characteristic curves are drawn and the maximum efficiency was found out.

It is an inward flow reaction turbine which means the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. The outlet is specially shaped draft tube that helps decelerate the water and recover kinetic energy. The characteristic curves are drawn and the maximum efficiency was found out.

Whenever a body, floating in a liquid is given a smaller angular displacement, it starts oscillating about the same point, this point about which the body starts oscillating is called metacentre. The distance between the centre of gravity of a floating body and the metacentre is called metacentric height.

Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine used to utilize high heads for generation of electricity. All the available pressure head is converted into velocity energy by means of spear and nozzle arrangement.

This apparatus is used to determine C and  value of the soil which subsequently will be used to evaluate the safe bearing capacity of the soil which can be used in the design of foundations. This is also used to determine the angle of shearing resistance of the soil.

This apparatus is used to determine the rate of settlement of soil by obtaining the time compression relationship of a given saturated fine grained soil and the coefficient of consolidation for load increment. This test can be used in the designing of dams.

This apparatus can be used effectively in the determination of shear strength parameters of cohesion less soil which is the basic in the design of foundation.

This apparatus is used to determine the strength of the sub grade soil and the design of flexible pavement.

This apparatus is used to determine the denseness or looseness of the insitu soil. This is specially used in the design of foundations.

This test is used to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the given soil sample.

This test is used to determine the coefficient of discharge of water when passed through a soil sample. This test is specially used in the design of earthen dam. The causes of piping etc.

This test is used to determine unconfined compressive strength and shear strength of remoulded clay samples in its natural water content.

This apparatus is used to classify the coarse grained soil into different groups. Based on the results graphs will be drawn. This will be helpful in classifying soil as well graded, poorly graded etc.

The values of these limits are used in a number of ways. There is also a close relationship between the limits and properties of a soil such as compressibility, permeability, and strength. This is thought to be very useful because as limit determination is relatively simple, it is more difficult to determine these other properties. Thus the Atterberg limits are not only used to identify the soil's classification, but it allows for the use of empirical correlations for some other engineering properties.

A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are mainly used for surveying applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like metrology and rocket launch technology. A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes — the horizontal or trunnion axis, and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically to second of arc.

A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point.Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and Civil Engineers. Either to record features as in Topographic Surveying or to set out features (such as roads, houses or boundaries). They are also used by archaeologists to record excavations and by police, crime scene investigators, private accident reconstructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of scenes.

A plane table is a device used in surveying and related disciplines to provide a solid and level surface on which to make field drawings, charts and maps. The early use of the name plain table reflected its simplicity and plainness rather than its flatness.

A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument, or automatic level is an optical instrument used to establish or check points in the same horizontal plane. It is used in surveying and building to transfer, measure, or set horizontal levels.

This type of instrument was used by military to examine stereoscopic pairs of vertical aerial photographs.This image has been assessed under the valued image criteria and is considered the most valued image on Commons within the scope.

Optical or prismatic hand-bearing compass, most often used by surveyors, but also by cave explorers, foresters, and geologists. A prismatic compass reads the whole circle bearing of the lines of the objects directly.directions of surveying lines are determined.

This is a rigid rod, usually of a material insensitive to changes in temperature and humidity such as invar, that is of fixed length (typically two metres). This bar is mounted on a tripod over the station to which the distance is desired. It is brought to level and a small telescope on the bar allows the bar to be oriented perpendicular to the line of sight to anring station.

At the angle measuring station, a theodolite is used to measure the angle between indicators on the two ends of the sub tense bar. The distance is determined with simple geometry to be the altitude of a triangle with the theodolite at the upper vertex and the sub tense bar length at its base.

A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminum rod, the use of which permits the determination of differences in elevation.